Only Paris
Worthy Of Rome
Only Rome
Worthy Of Paris
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See also
Transportation
Marseille, Marine (blue)
regional (green)
national (red) parks
France, France
one of
biggest contributors
European Space Agency
which conceived
Ariane rocket family
launched from French GuianaSince
Middle Ages
France has been
major contributor
scientific
technological achievement
Around
beginning of
11th century
Pope Sylvester II
born Gerbert d'Aurillac
reintroduced
abacus
armillary sphere
introduced Arabic numerals
clocks
Northern
Western EuropeUniversity of Paris
founded
mid-12th century
still one of
most important universities
Western world 17th century
mathematician René Descartes defined
method
acquisition of scientific knowledge
while Blaise Pascal became famous
his work
probability
fluid mechanics
They were both key figures of
Scientific revolution
which blossomed
Europe during this period
Academy of Sciences was founded
Louis XIV
encourage
protect
spirit of French scientific research
was
forefront of scientific developments
Europe
17th
18th centuries
one of
earliest academies of sciencesThe Age of Enlightenment was marked
work of biologist Buffon
chemist Lavoisier
who discovered
role of oxygen
combustion
while Diderot
D'Alembert published
Encyclopédie
which aimed
give access
useful knowledge
people
knowledge that they can apply
their everyday life
With
Industrial Revolution
19th century saw spectacular scientific developments
France with scientists such
Augustin Fresnel
founder of modern optics
Sadi Carnot who laid
foundations of thermodynamics
Louis Pasteur
pioneer of microbiology
Other eminent French scientists of
19th century have their names inscribed
Eiffel TowerFamous French scientists of
20th century include
mathematician
physicist Henri Poincaré
physicists Henri Becquerel
Pierre
Marie Curie
remained famous
their work
radioactivity
physicist Paul Langevin
virologist Luc Montagnier
co-discoverer of HIV AIDS
Hand transplantation was developed
23 September 1998
Lyon
team assembled from different countries around
world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who
shortly thereafter
performed
first successful double hand transplant
Telesurgery was developed
Jacques Marescaux
his team
7 September 2001 across
Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg
Lindbergh Operation)face transplant was first done
27 November 2005
Dr Bernard DevauchelleTop view of
ring of European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The most commonly used tarot deck takes its name from
city
has been called
Tarot de Marseille since
1930s—a name coined
commercial use
French cardmaker
cartomancer Paul Marteau
owner of B–P Grimaud
Previously this deck was called Tarot italien (Italian Tarot)
even earlier
was simply called Tarot
Before being de Marseille
was used
play
local variant of tarocchi before
became used
cartomancy
end of
18th century
following
trend set
Antoine Court de Gébelin
name Tarot de Marseille (Marteau used
name ancien Tarot de Marseille) was used
contrast
other types of Tarots such
Tarot de Besançon
those names were simply associated with cities where there were many cardmakers
18th century (previously several cities
France were involved
cardmaking)Another local tradition
making of santons
small hand-crafted figurines
traditional Provençal Christmas creche
Since 1803
starting
last Sunday of November
there has been
Santon Fair
Marseille
currently held
Cours d'Estienne d'Orves
large square off
Vieux-PortOpera.
French President François Mitterrand
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl
1987France
founding member of
United Nations
serves
one of
permanent members of
UN Security Council with veto rights2015
France was described
being the best networked state
world
because
country that is member of more multi-lateral organisations than any other countryFrance
member of
G8
World Trade Organization (WTO),
Secretariat of
Pacific Community (SPC)
Indian Ocean Commission (COI)associate member of
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
leading member of
International Francophone Organisation (OIF) of 84 fully or partly French-speaking countriesAs
significant hub
international relations
France hosts
second largest assembly of diplomatic missions
world
headquarters of international organisations including
OECD
UNESCO
Interpol
International Bureau of Weights
Measures
la FrancophoniePostwar French foreign policy has been largely shaped
membership of
European Union
of which
was
founding member
Since
1960s
France has developed close ties with reunified Germany
become
most influential driving force of
EU 1960s
France sought
exclude
British from
European unification process, seeking
build its own standing
continental Europe
However
since 1904
France has maintained
Entente cordiale with
United Kingdom
there has been
strengthening of links between
countries
especially militarilyEuropean Parliament opening
Strasbourg with crowd
many countries' flags
flagpoles. Roman Catholic (400,000) See also
List of films set
Paris Le Figaro was founded
1826
many of France's most prominent authors have written
its columns over
decades
still considered
newspaper of recordBest-selling daily national newspapers
France
Le Parisien Aujourd'hui en France (with 460,000 sold daily)
Le Monde
Le Figaro
with around 300,000 copies sold daily
but also L'Équipe
dedicated
sports coverage past years
free dailies made
breakthrough
with Metro
20 Minutes
Direct Plus distributed
more than 650,000 copies respectively
However
widest circulations
reached
regional daily Ouest France with more than 750,000 copies sold
50 other regional papers have also high salessector of weekly magazines
stronger
diversified with more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published
countryThe most influential news magazines
left-wing Le Nouvel Observateur
centrist L'Express
right-wing Le Point (more than 400.000 copies), but
highest circulation
weeklies
reached
TV magazines
women's magazines
among them Marie Claire
ELLE
which have foreign versions
Influential weeklies also include investigative
satirical papers Le Canard Enchaîné
Charlie Hebdo
well
Paris Match
Like
most industrialised nations
print media have been affected
severe crisis
past decade
2008
government launched
major initiative
help
sector reform
become financially independent, but
2009
had
give 600,000 euros
help
print media cope with
economic crisis
addition
existing subsidiesIn 1974
after years of centralised monopoly
radio
television
governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions
but
three already-existing TV channels
four national radio stations remained under state-control
was only
1981 that
government allowed free broadcasting
territory
ending state monopoly
radio
French television was partly liberalised
next two decade with
creation of several commercial channels
mainly thanks
cable
satellite television
2005
national service Télévision Numérique Terrestre introduced digital television all over
territory
allowing
creation of other channelsThe four existing national channels
now owned
state-owned consortium France Télévisions
while public broadcasting group Radio France run five national radio stations
Among these public media
Radio France Internationale
which broadcasts programmes
French all over
world
Franco-German TV channel TV5 Monde
2006
government created global news channel France 24
Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatised
1987)
France 2
France 3 have
highest shares
while radio stations RTL
Europe 1
state-owned France Inter
least listened toSociety. Ecole Centrale de Marseille part of Centrale Graduate School Main article
History of France Emmanuel Macron (cropped).jpg Édouard Philippe (cropped).jpg. Map of population
France Paris
located
northern central France
north-bending arc of
river Seine whose crest includes two islands
Île Saint-Louis
larger Île de la Cité
which form
oldest part of
city
river's mouth
English Channel (La Manche)
about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from
city
city
spread widely
both banks of
river
Overall
city
relatively flat
lowest point
35 m (115 ft) above sea level
Paris has several prominent hills
highest of which
Montmartre
130 m (427 ft)Excluding
outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Vincennes
Paris covers
oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi)
area
enclosed
35 km (22 mi) ring road
Boulevard Périphériquecity's last major annexation of outlying territories
1860 not only gave
its modern form but also created
20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs)
From
1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi)
city limits were expanded marginally
86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi)
1920s
1929
Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed
city
bringing its area
about 105 km2 (41 sq mi)metropolitan area of
city
2,300 km2 (890 sq mi)Measured from
'point zero'
front of its Notre-Dame cathedral
Paris
road
450 kilometres (280 mi) southeast of London
287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais
305 kilometres (190 mi) southwest of Brussels
774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille
385 kilometres (239 mi) northeast of Nantes
135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of RouenClimate. Sainte Chapelle interior showing painted stonework vaulting
stained glass, There
several popular festivals
different neighborhoods
with concerts
animations
outdoor bars
like
Fête du Panier
June
21 June
there
dozens of free concerts
city
part of France's Fête de la Musique
featuring music from all over
world
Being free events
many Marseille residents attendMarseille hosts
Gay Pride event
early July
2013
Marseille hosted Europride
international LGBT event
10 July–20 beginning of July
there
International Documentary Festival end of September
electronic music festival Marsatac takes place
October
Fiesta des Suds offers many concerts of world musicHip hop music. Tour métallique de Fourvière (1894)
Christianity (51.1%), The Storming of
Bastille
14 July 1789 was
most emblematic event of
French RevolutionFacing financial troubles
King Louis XVI summoned
Estates-General (gathering
three Estates of
realm)
May 1789
propose solutions
his government
came
impasse
representatives of
Third Estate formed into
National Assembly
signalling
outbreak of
French Revolution
Fearing that
king would suppress
newly created National Assembly
insurgents stormed
Bastille
14 July 1789
date which would become France's National DayIn early August 1789
National Constituent Assembly abolished
privileges of
nobility such
personal serfdom
exclusive hunting rights
Through
Declaration of
Rights of Man
of
Citizen (27 August 1789) France established fundamental rights
men
Declaration affirms the natural
imprescriptible rights of man
liberty
property
security
resistance
oppression
Freedom of speech
press were declared
arbitrary arrests outlawed
called
destruction of aristocratic privileges
proclaimed freedom
equal rights
all men
well
access
public office based
talent rather than birthIn November 1789
Assembly decided
nationalize
sell all property of
Roman Catholic Church which had been
largest landowner
country
July 1790
Civil Constitution of
Clergy reorganised
French Catholic Church
cancelling
authority of
Church
levy taxes
et cetera
This fueled much discontent
parts of France
which would contribute
civil war breaking out some years later
While King Louis XVI still enjoyed popularity among
population
his disastrous flight
Varennes (June 1791) seemed
justify rumours he had tied his hopes of political salvation
prospects of foreign invasion
His credibility was so deeply undermined that
abolition of
monarchy
establishment of
republic became
increasing possibilityIn August 1791
Emperor of Austria
King of Prussia
Declaration of Pillnitz threatened revolutionary France
intervene
force of arms
restore
French absolute monarchy
September 1791
National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI
accept
French Constitution of 1791
thus turning
French absolute monarchy into
constitutional monarchy
newly established Legislative Assembly (October 1791)
enmity developed
deepened between
group
later called
'Girondins'
who favored war with Austria
Prussia
group later called 'Montagnards' or 'Jacobins'
who opposed such
war
majority
Assembly
1792 however saw
war with Austria
Prussia
chance
boost
popularity of
revolutionary government
thought that France would win
war against those gathered monarchies
20 April 1792
therefore
they declared war
Austria.[XIV]. Musée d'Orsay Lyon–Saint Exupéry Airport
located east of Lyon
serves
base
domestic
international flights
key transport facility
entire Rhône-Alpes region
with coach links
other cities
area
in-house train station Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry connects
airport
nationwide TGV network
Rhônexpress tram monopoly links
airport with
business quarter of La Part Dieu
less than 30 minutes
offers connections with Underground A
Tramway T1
T3 & T4
bus lines
Lyon public transport Sytrail offers no service despite
bus service operating
nearby suburb
regular price of public transport
€1.90
opposed
€15 one way
Rhonexpress
suburb of Bron
smaller Lyon-Bron Airport provides
alternative
domestic aviationLyon has two major railway stations
Lyon Part-Dieu
which was built
accommodate
TGV
Lyon Perrache
older station that now provides mostly regional service
Smaller railway stations include Gorge-de-Loup
Vaise
Vénissieux
Saint-Paul
Jean Macé
Lyon was
first city
be connected
Paris
TGV
1981
Since that time
TGV train network has expanded
links Lyon directly
Perpignan
Toulouse
Nice
Marseille
Strasbourg
Nantes
Lille
International trains operate directly
Madrid
Barcelona
Milan
Turin
Geneva
Frankfurt
Luxembourg
Brussels
LondonThe city
heart of
dense road network
located
meeting point of several highways
A6 (to Paris)
A7 (to Marseille)
A42 (to Geneva)
A43 (to Grenoble)
city
now bypassed
A46
double motorway tunnel passes under Fourvière
connecting
A6
A7 autoroutes
both forming
Autoroute du SoleilLyon
served
Eurolines intercity coach organisation
Its Lyon terminal
located
city's Perrache railway station
which serves
intermodal transportation hub that also includes tramways
local
regional trains
buses
terminus of Metro line A
of
Tramway T2
bicycle service Vélo'v
taxisPublic transport map. French territorial evolution from 985
1947The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987
when Hugh Capet
Duke of France
Count of Paris
was crowned King of
Franks
His descendants—the Capetians
House of Valois
House of Bourbon—progressively unified
country through wars
dynastic inheritance into
Kingdom of France
which was fully declared
1190
Philip II Augustus
French nobility played
prominent role
most Crusades
order
restore Christian access
Holy Land
French knights made up
bulk of
steady flow of reinforcements throughout
two-hundred-year span of
Crusades
such
fashion that
Arabs uniformly referred
crusaders
Franj caring little whether they really came from FranceFrench Crusaders also imported
French language into
Levant
making French
base of
lingua franca (litt
Frankish language) of
Crusader states
French knights also made up
majority
both
Hospital
Temple orders
latter
particular
held numerous properties throughout France
13th century were
principal bankers
French crown
until Philip IV annihilated
order
1307
Albigensian Crusade was launched
1209
eliminate
heretical Cathars
southwestern area of modern-day France
end
Cathars were exterminated
autonomous County of Toulouse was annexed into
crown lands of France
Later kings expanded their domain
cover over half of modern continental France
including most of
north
centre
west of France
Meanwhile
royal authority became more
more assertive
centred
hierarchically conceived society distinguishing nobility
clergy
commonersCharles IV
Fair died without
heir
1328
Under
rules of
Salic law
crown of France could not pass
woman nor could
line of kingship pass through
female line
Accordingly
crown passed
Philip of Valois
cousin of Charles
rather than through
female line
Charles' nephew
Edward
who would soon become Edward III of England
During
reign of Philip of Valois
French monarchy reached
height of its medieval power
Philip's seat
throne was contested
Edward III of England
1337
eve of
first wave of
Black Death, England
France went
war
what would become known
Hundred Years' Warexact boundaries changed greatly with time
but French landholdings of
English Kings remained extensive
decades
With charismatic leaders
such
Joan of Arc
La Hire
strong French counterattacks won back English continental territories
Like
rest of Europe
France was struck
Black Death
half of
17 million population of France diedEarly modern period (15th century–1789), Main articles
Gaul
Celts
Roman Gaul, Main articles
Music
Paris
History of music
Paris Main article
Telecommunications
France.
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