Palme d'Or award presentation case Tourists from around world make Louvre most-visited art museum worldGreater Paris comprising Paris its three surrounding departments received 23.6 million visitors 2017 measured hotel arrivals These included 12 million foreign visitors 11.5 million French visitors Of foreign visitors greatest number came from United States (2 million) Great Britain (1.1 million) Germany (802.6 thousand) China (774.4 thousand)In 2016 measured MasterCard Global Cities Destination Index Paris was third-busiest airline destination world with 18.03 million visitors behind Bangkok (21.47 million) London (19.88 million) According Paris Convention Visitors Bureau 393,008 workers Greater Paris or 12.4% of total workforce engaged tourism-related sectors such hotels catering transport leisureMonuments attractions. France has 37 sites inscribed UNESCO's World Heritage List features cities of high cultural interest beaches seaside resorts ski resorts rural regions that many enjoy their beauty tranquillity (green tourism) Small picturesque French villages promoted through association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (literally The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Remarkable Gardens label list of over 200 gardens classified French Ministry of Culture This label intended protect promote remarkable gardens parks France attracts many religious pilgrims their way St James or Lourdes town Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts several million visitors yearEnergy. Main articles Gaul Celts Roman Gaul The Opéra Bastille! Sculpture dedicated Rome square Paul Painlevé Paris, Ambox current red.svg Republican marches were organised across France after January 2015 Île-de-France attacks perpetrated Islamic terrorists they largest public rallies French historySince 19th century France has received many immigrants These have been mostly male foreign workers from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed During 1970s France faced economic crisis allowed new immigrants (mostly from Maghreb) permanently settle France with their families acquire French citizenship resulted hundreds of thousands of Muslims (especially larger cities) living subsidised public housing suffering from very high unemployment rates Simultaneously France renounced assimilation of immigrants where they were expected adhere French traditional values cultural norms They were encouraged retain their distinctive cultures traditions required merely integrateSince 1995 Paris Métro RER bombings France has been sporadically targeted Islamist organisations notably Charlie Hebdo attack January 2015 which provoked largest public rallies French history gathering 4.4 million people, November 2015 Paris attacks which resulted 130 deaths deadliest attack French soil since World War II, deadliest European Union since Madrid train bombings 2004 2016 Nice attack which caused 87 deaths during Bastille Day celebrationsGeography. The European Parliament Strasbourg near border with Germany France founding member of all EU institutionsFrance member of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) but under President de Gaulle excluded itself from joint military command protest special relationship between United States Britain preserve independence of French foreign security policies However result of Nicolas Sarkozy's pro-American politics (much criticised France leftists part of right) France rejoined NATO joint military command 4 April 2009In early 1990s country drew considerable criticism from other nations its underground nuclear tests French Polynesia France vigorously opposed 2003 invasion of Iraq, straining bilateral relations with United States United KingdomFrance retains strong political economic influence its former African colonies (Françafrique) has supplied economic aid troops peace-keeping missions Ivory Coast Chad Recently after unilateral declaration of independence of northern Mali Tuareg MNLA subsequent regional Northern Mali conflict with several Islamist groups including Ansar Dine MOJWA France other African states intervened help Malian Army retake controlIn 2013 France was fourth-largest (in absolute terms) donor of development aid world behind United States United Kingdom Germany This represents 0.36% of its GDP this regard rating France twelfth largest donor listorganisation managing French help French Development Agency which finances primarily humanitarian projects sub-Saharan Africamain goals of this support developing infrastructure access health care education implementation of appropriate economic policies consolidation of rule of law democracyMilitary. View of Petit Nice Marseille's corniche (7th arrondissement) with Frioul archipelago Château d'If background EPITECH Cathedral of St John The French Republic unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic with strong democratic traditionsConstitution of Fifth Republic was approved referendum 28 September 1958greatly strengthened authority of executive relation parliament executive branch itself has two leaders President of Republic currently Emmanuel Macron who head of state elected directly universal adult suffrage 5-year term (formerly 7 years), Government led president-appointed Prime MinisterThe National Assembly lower house of French ParliamentThe French Parliament bicameral legislature comprising National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) SenateNational Assembly deputies represent local constituencies directly elected 5-year termsAssembly has power dismiss government thus majority Assembly determines choice of government Senators chosen electoral college 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms) one half of seats submitted election every 3 years starting September 2008The Senate's legislative powers limited event of disagreement between two chambers National Assembly has final sayGovernment has strong influence shaping agenda of ParliamentUntil World War II Radicals were strong political force France embodied Republican Radical Radical-Socialist Party which was most important party of Third Republic Since World War II they were marginalized while French politics became characterised two politically opposed groupings one left-wing centred French Section of Workers' International its successor Socialist Party (since 1969) other right-wing centred Gaullist Party whose name changed over time Rally of French People (1947) Union of Democrats Republic (1958) Rally Republic (1976) Union Popular Movement (2007) Republicans (since 2015) 2017 presidential legislative elections radical centrist party En Marche! became dominant force overtaking both Socialists RepublicansLaw; Bastille Day celebration of storming of Bastille 1789 biggest festival city military parade taking place every year 14 July Champs-Élysées from Arc de Triomphe Place de la Concorde includes flypast over Champs Élysées Patrouille de France parade of military units equipment display of fireworks evening most spectacular being one Eiffel TowerSome other yearly festivals Paris-Plages festive event that lasts from mid-July mid-August when Right Bank of Seine converted into temporary beach with sand deck chairs palm trees Journées du Patrimoine Fête de la Musique Techno Parade Nuit Blanche Cinéma au clair de lune Printemps des rues Festival d'automne Fête des jardins Carnaval de Paris one of oldest festivals Paris dates back Middle AgesEducation, Catholicism has been predominant religion France more than millennium though not actively practised today was Among 47,000 religious buildings France 94% Roman Catholic During French Revolution activists conducted brutal campaign of de-Christianisation ending Catholic Church state religion some cases clergy churches were attacked with iconoclasm stripping churches of statues ornament After back forth of Catholic royal secular republican governments during 19th century France established laïcité passage of 1905 law Separation of Churches StateSince 1905 French Government has followed principle of laïcité which prohibited from recognising any specific right religious community (except legacy statutes like those of military chaplains local law Alsace-Moselle) recognises religious organisations according formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine Conversely religious organisations expected refrain from intervening policy-making Certain groups such Scientology Children of God Unification Church or Order of Solar Temple considered cults (sectes French), therefore do not have same status recognised religions France Secte considered pejorative term FranceHealth, Paris its early history had only rivers Seine Bièvre water From 1809 Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers north-east of capital From 1857 civil engineer Eugène Belgrand under Napoleon III oversaw construction of series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around city several reservoirs built atop Capital's highest points of elevation From then on new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water remains of old system pumped into lower levels of same reservoirs were from then used cleaning of Paris's streets This system still major part of Paris's modern water-supply network Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated evacuation of Paris's liquid wastesIn 1982 Mayor Chirac introduced motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte remove dog faeces from Paris streetsproject was abandoned 2002 new better enforced local law under terms of which dog owners can be fined up €500 not removing their dog faecesair pollution Paris from point of view of particulate matter (PM10) highest France with 38 µg/m³Parks gardens.
Tour Eiffel sunrise from trocadero Paris has been international capital of high fashion since 19th century particularly domain of haute couture clothing hand-made order private clients home of some of largest fashion houses world including Dior Chanel of many well-known fashion designers including Karl Lagerfeld Jean-Paul Gaultier Christophe Josse Christian Lacroix Paris Fashion Week held January July Carrousel du Louvre other city locations among top four events of international fashion calendar along with fashion weeks Milan London New York Paris also home of world's largest cosmetics company L'Oréal three of five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories Louis Vuitton Hermés Cartier Most of major fashion designers have their showrooms along Avenue Montaigne between Champs-Élysées SeineHolidays festivals. Le Panier quarter with Hotel de Ville church of Notre-Dame des Accoules, Main article Writers Paris Main article French architecture, Le Figaro was founded 1826 many of France's most prominent authors have written its columns over decades still considered newspaper of recordBest-selling daily national newspapers France Le Parisien Aujourd'hui en France (with 460,000 sold daily) Le Monde Le Figaro with around 300,000 copies sold daily but also L'Équipe dedicated sports coverage past years free dailies made breakthrough with Metro 20 Minutes Direct Plus distributed more than 650,000 copies respectively However widest circulations reached regional daily Ouest France with more than 750,000 copies sold 50 other regional papers have also high salessector of weekly magazines stronger diversified with more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published countryThe most influential news magazines left-wing Le Nouvel Observateur centrist L'Express right-wing Le Point (more than 400.000 copies), but highest circulation weeklies reached TV magazines women's magazines among them Marie Claire ELLE which have foreign versions Influential weeklies also include investigative satirical papers Le Canard Enchaîné Charlie Hebdo well Paris Match Like most industrialised nations print media have been affected severe crisis past decade 2008 government launched major initiative help sector reform become financially independent, but 2009 had give 600,000 euros help print media cope with economic crisis addition existing subsidiesIn 1974 after years of centralised monopoly radio television governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions but three already-existing TV channels four national radio stations remained under state-control was only 1981 that government allowed free broadcasting territory ending state monopoly radio French television was partly liberalised next two decade with creation of several commercial channels mainly thanks cable satellite television 2005 national service Télévision Numérique Terrestre introduced digital television all over territory allowing creation of other channelsThe four existing national channels now owned state-owned consortium France Télévisions while public broadcasting group Radio France run five national radio stations Among these public media Radio France Internationale which broadcasts programmes French all over world Franco-German TV channel TV5 Monde 2006 government created global news channel France 24 Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatised 1987) France 2 France 3 have highest shares while radio stations RTL Europe 1 state-owned France Inter least listened toSociety. French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation According 2011 survey IFOP French public opinion research organisation 61 percent of residents of Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves Roman Catholic though just 15 percent said they were practising Catholics while 46 percent were non-practicing same survey 7 percent of residents identified themselves Muslims 4 percent Protestants 2 percent Jewish 25 percent without religionAccording INSEE French government statistical office between 4 5 million French residents were born or had least one parent born predominantly Muslim country particularly Algeria Morocco Tunisia IFOP survey 2008 reported that of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries 25 percent went mosque regularly 41 percent practised religion 34 percent were believers but did not practice religion2012 2013 was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims City of Paris 1.5 million Muslims Île-de-France region 4 5 million Muslims FranceThe Jewish population of Paris Region was estimated 2014 be 282,000 largest concentration of Jews world outside of Israel United StatesEconomy, A relief map of Metropolitan France showing cities with over 100,000 inhabitantsPanorama of Mont Blanc mountain range above gray clouds under blue sky. Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks gardens covering more than 3,000 hectares containing more than 250,000 trees.[verification needed] Two of Paris's oldest most famous gardens Tuileries Garden created 1564 Tuileries Palace redone André Le Nôtre between 1664 1672, Luxembourg Garden Luxembourg Palace built Marie de' Medici 1612 which today houses French SenateJardin des Plantes was first botanical garden Paris created 1626 Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse cultivation of medicinal plantsBetween 1853 1870 Emperor Napoleon III city's first director of parks gardens Jean-Charles Alphand created Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Parc Montsouris Parc des Buttes-Chaumont located four points of compass around city well many smaller parks squares gardens Paris's quarters Since 1977 city has created 166 new parks most notably Parc de la Villette (1987) Parc André Citroën (1992) Parc de Bercy (1997) One of newest parks Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013) built former highway Left Bank of Seine between Pont de l'Alma Musée d'Orsay has floating gardens gives view of city's landmarksCemeteries, The Historic Site of Lyon was designated UNESCO World Heritage Site 1998 its designation UNESCO cited exceptional testimony continuity of urban settlement over more than two millennia site of great commercial strategic significancespecific regions comprising Historic Site include Roman district Fourvière Renaissance district (Vieux Lyon) silk district (slopes of Croix-Rousse) Presqu'île which features architecture from 12th century modern times Both Vieux Lyon slopes of Croix-Rousse known their narrow passageways (named traboules) that pass through buildings link streets either side first examples of traboules thought have been built Lyon 4th centurytraboules allowed inhabitants get from their homes Saône quickly allowed canuts Croix-Rousse hill get from their workshops textile merchants foot of hillGastronomy, Like Paris Marseille city of Lyon divided into number of municipal arrondissements each of which identified number has its own council town hall Five arrondissements were originally created 1852 when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse La Guillotière Vaise) were annexed Lyon Between 1867 1959 third arrondissement (which originally covered whole of Left Bank of Rhône) was split three times creating new arrondissement each case Then 1963 commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed Lyon's fifth arrondissement year later 1964 fifth was split create Lyon's 9th – and date final – arrondissement Within each arrondissement recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods are. See also France 19th century France 20th century Marine (blue) regional (green) national (red) parks France One of Lascaux paintings horse – approximately 18,000 BC. Napoleon Emperor of French his Grande Armée built vast Empire across Europe His conquests spread French revolutionary ideals across much of Europe such popular sovereignty legal equality republicanism administrative reorganization while his legal reforms had major impact worldwide Nationalism especially Germany emerged reaction against himNapoleon Bonaparte seized control of Republic 1799 becoming First Consul later Emperor of French Empire (1804–1814 1815) continuation of wars sparked European monarchies against French Republic changing sets of European Coalitions declared wars Napoleon's Empire His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such battles of Jena-Auerstadt or Austerlitz Members of Bonaparte family were appointed monarchs some of newly established kingdoms These victories led worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals reforms such Metric system Napoleonic Code Declaration of Rights of Man After catastrophic Russian campaign ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule Napoleon was defeated Bourbon monarchy restored About million Frenchmen died during Napoleonic Wars After his brief return from exile Napoleon was finally defeated 1815 Battle of Waterloo monarchy was re-established (1815–1830) with new constitutional limitationsThe discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown July Revolution of 1830 which established constitutional July Monarchy that year French troops conquered Algeria establishing first colonial presence Africa since Napoleon's abortive invasion of Egypt 1798 According historian Ben Kiernan French conquest pacification of Algeria from 1830 until early twentieth century slaughtered 825,000 Algerian people French losses from 1831–51 were 92,329 dead hospital only 3,336 killed actionIn 1848 general unrest led February Revolution end of July Monarchy abolition of slavery male universal suffrage both briefly enacted during French Revolution were re-enacted 1848 1852 president of French Republic Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte Napoleon I's nephew was proclaimed emperor of second Empire Napoleon III He multiplied French interventions abroad especially Crimea Mexico Italy which resulted annexation of duchy of Savoy county of Nice then part of Kingdom of Sardinia Napoleon III was unseated following defeat Franco-Prussian War of 1870 his regime was replaced Third Republicanimated gif of French colonial territory world map. Only Paris worthy of Rome only Rome worthy of Paris a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a a a A a a A A a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a A A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a A A a a a a a A a a a a a a A a A a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a A a A A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a A a a A a a a a a a a a A a A a A A a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a A a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are in in in in in in In In in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in in in in In in in in in IN in in in In In in in In in in In in in in in in in In In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in In In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in In In In in in in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in In in in In in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in In in in in in in IN In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in In In In in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in In in in in in In In in in in in in in in In in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in In in in In In in In In In in in in in in In In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In In In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In In In in in in in in In in in in in in In in in in in In in in In in in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in in In in In in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in In in in in in In in in In In in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In in In In In in In in In In In in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In In In in in in In In in In in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in In In in in in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in In in in in in in In In in In In in in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in in in In in in in in In in In in In in In In in in in in in in in in In in in in in In In in in on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on On on on on On on on on on on On On on on on on on On on on On on on On on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on On on on on on On On on on on On on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on On on On on on on On on on on on On on On on On On on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an An an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an An an An an an an an an an an an an an An An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an An an an an An An an an an an an an An an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an An an an an an An an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is Is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is Is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to it it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it it It it it it It it It it It it it It it it It it it it it it it it it it it It It it It It It it it it It It it it it it It it it it it it it It It it it it it It it It it it it It it it it it it It it it it it it it it it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it It it it it it it It it it It it it It It It it it it It It It it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it it It It it it it it It It it it it it it It It It it it it it It it It It it it it it it it it it it it It it It it it it It It It it It it IT it It it It it It it It it it it it it it It it It it It It it it it it it it it It it It it it it it it it it it it it it It it it It it It it It it it it It it It it it it it It it It it it it it it It it it it it it it it it it it it it it it It it It it IT it it it it it it it it it It It it It It it it It It it it It It it it it it it it it it it it it it it the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the The The the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the The the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the The the the The the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the The the the the The The the the the the the The the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the The the The The the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the The the the The the the the the The the The The the the The the the the the the The the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The The The the the the the the the the the the The the the the The The the the The the The the The the The the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as As as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as As as as as as as as as AS as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as AS as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as As as as by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By By by by By by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by BY by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for For for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for for for for for For for for For for for for for for for for for For For for For for for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for FOR for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for for for for for at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at At At at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at At at at at at at at at at and and and and and and and and and and and by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by as as as As as as as as as as as the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the it it it it it It to to to is is is an An an an an an an an on on on on on on On on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on are are a a a a a a a a a a a a a, The Maison Carrée was temple of Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes) one of best-preserved vestiges of Roman EmpireIn 600 BC Ionian Greeks originating from Phocaea founded colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille) shores of Mediterranean Sea This makes France's oldest city same time some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated parts of current territory of France this occupation spread rest of France between 5th 3rd century BCThe Roman-era Theatre of Autun (Latin Augustodunum) Saône-et-Loire one of main historical sites of BurgundyThe concept of Gaul emerged that time corresponds territories of Celtic settlement ranging between Rhine Atlantic Ocean Pyrenees Mediterranean borders of modern France roughly same those of ancient Gaul which was inhabited Celtic Gauls Gaul was then prosperous country of which southernmost part was heavily subject Greek Roman cultural economic influencesAround 125 BC south of Gaul was conquered Romans who called this region Provincia Nostra (Our Province) which over time evolved into name Provence French Julius Caesar conquered remainder of Gaul overcame revolt carried out Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix 52 BC Gaul was divided Augustus into Roman provinces Many cities were founded during Gallo-Roman period including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon) which considered capital of Gauls These cities were built traditional Roman style with forum theatre circus amphitheatre thermal baths Gauls mixed with Roman settlers eventually adopted Roman culture Roman speech (Latin from which French language evolved) Roman polytheism merged with Gallic paganism into same syncretismFrom 250s 280s AD Roman Gaul suffered serious crisis with its fortified borders being attacked several occasions barbarians Nevertheless situation improved first half of 4th century which was period of revival prosperity Roman Gaul312 Emperor Constantin I converted Christianity Subsequently Christians who had been persecuted until then increased rapidly across entire Roman Empire But from beginning of 5th century Barbarian Invasions resumed, Germanic tribes such Vandals Suebi Alans crossed Rhine settled Gaul Spain other parts of collapsing Roman EmpireEarly Middle Ages (5th century–10th century); The movie industry was born Paris when Auguste Louis Lumière projected first motion picture paying audience Grand Café 28 December 1895 Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when media became popular beginning 1930s Later most of largest cinemas were divided into multiple smaller rooms Paris's largest cinema room today Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seatsBig multiplex cinemas have been built since 1990s UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles with 27 screens MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens among largestParisians tend share same movie-going trends many of world's global cities with cinemas primarily dominated Hollywood-generated film entertainment French cinema comes close second with major directors (réalisateurs) such Claude Lelouch Jean-Luc Godard Luc Besson more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi example European Asian films also widely shown appreciated2 February 2000 Philippe Binant realised first digital cinema projection Europe with DLP CINEMA technology developed Texas Instruments ParisRestaurants cuisine, Centre- This section needs be updated Please update this article reflect recent events or newly available information (June 2017).
Lowell Pump Water