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Aside From 20th-century Addition Of Bois De Boulogne Bois De Vincennes Paris Heliport Paris's Administrative Limits Have Remained Unchanged Since 1860 Seine Département Had Been Governing Paris Its Suburbs Since Its Creation 1790 But Rising Suburban Population Had Made Difficult Govern Unique Entity This Problem Was 'resolved' When Its Parent District De La Région Parisienne ('district Of Paris Region') Was Reorganised Into Several New Departments From 1968 Paris Became Department Itself Administration Of Its Suburbs Was Divided Between Three New Departments Surrounding It District Of Paris Region Was Renamed Île-de-France 1977 But This Abbreviated Paris Region Name Still Commonly Used Today Describe Île-de-France Vague Reference Entire Paris Agglomeration Long-intended Measures Unite Paris With Its Suburbs Began 1 January 2016 When Métropole Du Grand Paris Came Into ExistenceParis's Disconnect With Its Suburbs Its Lack Of Suburban Transportation Particular Became All Too Apparent With Paris Agglomeration's Growth Paul Delouvrier Promised Resolve Paris-suburbs Mésentente When He Became Head Of Paris Region 1961 Two Of His Most Ambitious Projects Region Were Construction Of Five Suburban Villes Nouvelles (new Cities) RER Commuter Train Network Many Other Suburban Residential Districts (grands Ensembles) Were Built Between 1960s 1970s Provide Low-cost Solution Rapidly Expanding Population These Districts Were Socially Mixed First, But Few Residents Actually Owned Their Homes (the Growing Economy Made These Accessible Middle Classes Only From 1970s) Their Poor Construction Quality Their Haphazard Insertion Into Existing Urban Growth Contributed Their Desertion Those Able Move Elsewhere Their Repopulation Those With More Limited PossibilitiesThese Areas Quartiers Sensibles (sensitive Quarters) Northern Eastern Paris Namely Around Its Goutte D'Or Belleville Neighbourhoods North Of City They Grouped Mainly Seine-Saint-Denis Department Lesser Extreme East Val-d'Oise Department Other Difficult Areas Located Seine Valley Évry Et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne) Mureaux Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines) Scattered Among Social Housing Districts Created Delouvrier's 1961 Ville Nouvelle Political InitiativeThe Paris Agglomeration's Urban Sociology Basically That Of 19th-century Paris Its Fortuned Classes Situated Its West Southwest Its Middle-to-lower Classes Its North East Remaining Areas Mostly Middle-class Citizenry Dotted With Islands Of Fortuned Populations Located There Due Reasons Of Historical Importance Namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés East Enghien-les-Bains North Of ParisDemographics
Place Bellecour one of largest town squares Europe Islam (5.6%) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility GrenobleFrance was fourth country achieve nuclear capability has third largest nuclear weapons arsenal world also leader civilian nuclear technology France was third nation after former USSR United States launch its own space satellite remains biggest contributor European Space Agency (ESA)European Airbus formed from French group Aérospatiale along with DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA) designs develops civil military aircraft well communications systems missiles space rockets helicopters satellites related systems France also hosts major international research instruments such European Synchrotron Radiation Facility or Institut Laue–Langevin remains major member of CERN also owns Minatec Europe's leading nanotechnology research centerSNCF French national railroad company has developed TGV high speed train which holds series of world speed records TGV has been fastest wheeled train commercial use since reaching speed of 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) 3 April 2007 Western Europe now serviced network of TGV linesAs of 2018 69 French people have been awarded Nobel Prize 12 have received Fields MedalDemographics. Main article Tourism France, Tour de France pelleton 9 July 2005 begin of ascend Cote de Bad Herrenalb, In Antarctic Adélie LandFrance has land borders with Brazil Suriname via French Guiana with Kingdom of Netherlands through French portion of Saint MartinMetropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi), largest among European Union members France's total land area with its overseas departments territories (excluding Adélie Land) 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi) 0.45% of total land area Earth France possesses wide variety of landscapes from coastal plains north west mountain ranges of Alps southeast Massif Central south central Pyrenees southwestDue its numerous overseas departments territories scattered across planet France possesses second-largest Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) world covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 mi2) just behind EEZ of United States (11,351,000 km2 or 4,383,000 mi2) but ahead of EEZ of Australia (8,148,250 km2 / 4,111,312 mi2) Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of total surface of all EEZs of worldGeology topography hydrography. Centre- Main articles French language Languages of France Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, According Article 2 of Constitution official language of France French, Romance language derived from Latin Since 1635 Académie française has been France's official authority French language although its recommendations carry no legal weight There also regional languages spoken France such Occitan Breton Catalan Flemish (Dutch dialect) Alsatian (German dialect) Basque others (see Languages of France) Italian was official language of Corsica until May 9 1859The French government does not regulate choice of language publications individuals but use of French required law commercial workplace communications addition mandating use of French territory of Republic French government tries promote French European Union globally through institutions such La Francophonie perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts safeguard position of French language France Besides French there exist 77 vernacular minority languages of France eight spoken French metropolitan territory 69 French overseas territoriesFrom 17th mid-20th century French served pre-eminent international language of diplomacy international affairs well lingua franca among educated classes of Europedominant position of French language international affairs was overtaken English since emergence of US major powerFor most of time which French served international lingua franca was not native language of most Frenchmen report 1794 conducted Henri Grégoire found that of country's 25 million people only three million spoke French natively rest spoke one of country's many regional languages such Alsatian Breton or Occitan Through expansion of public education which French was sole language of instruction well other factors such increased urbanisation rise of mass communication French gradually came be adopted virtually entire population process not completed until 20th centuryAs result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between 17th 20th centuries French was introduced Americas Africa Polynesia South-East Asia Caribbean French second most studied foreign language world after English, lingua franca some regions notably Africa legacy of French living language outside Europe mixed nearly extinct some former French colonies (The Levant South Southeast Asia) while creoles pidgins based French have emerged French departments West Indies South Pacific (French Polynesia) other hand many former French colonies have adopted French official language total number of French speakers increasing especially AfricaIt estimated that between 300 million 500 million people worldwide can speak French either mother tongue or second languageAccording 2007 Adult Education survey part of project European Union carried France Insee based sample of 15,350 persons French was first mother tongue of 87.2% of total population or roughly 55.81 million people followed Arabic (3.6% 2.30 million) Portuguese (1.5% 0.96 million) Spanish (1.2% 0.77 million) Italian (1.0% 0.64 million) People who had other languages their mother tongue made up 5.2% of populationReligion, The city's main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called Canebière) stretches eastward from Old Port Réformés quarter Two large forts flank entrance Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas south side Fort Saint-Jean north Farther out Bay of Marseille Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands one of which If location of Château d'If made famous Dumas novel Count of Monte Cristo main commercial centre of city intersects with Canebière Rue St Ferréol Centre Bourse (one of city's main shopping malls) centre of Marseille has several pedestrianised zones most notably Rue St Ferréol Cours Julien near Music Conservatory Cours Honoré-d'Estienne-d'Orves off Old Port area around Hôtel de Ville south east of central Marseille 6th arrondissement Prefecture monumental fountain of Place Castellane important bus metro interchange south west hills of 7th 8th arrondissements dominated basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde Marseille's main railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of Centre Bourse 1st arrondissement linked Boulevard d'Athènes CanebièreClimate.
Marseille tarot card Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon houses Musée des Hospices Civils permanent exhibit tracing history practice of medicine from Middle Ages modern times. École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Main articles History of Paris Timeline of Paris Dining room of Vagenende.
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