Hindu (4,000) Only Paris
Worthy Of Rome
Only Rome
Worthy Of Paris
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Main article
Education
Paris, Université Lumière (Lyon 2), Paris has been
international capital of high fashion since
19th century
particularly
domain of haute couture
clothing hand-made
order
private clients home of some of
largest fashion houses
world
including Dior
Chanel
of many well-known fashion designers
including Karl Lagerfeld
Jean-Paul Gaultier
Christophe Josse
Christian Lacroix
Paris Fashion Week
held
January
July
Carrousel du Louvre
other city locations
among
top four events of
international fashion calendar
along with
fashion weeks
Milan
London
New York
Paris
also
home of
world's largest cosmetics company
L'Oréal
three of
five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories
Louis Vuitton
Hermés
Cartier
Most of
major fashion designers have their showrooms along
Avenue Montaigne
between
Champs-Élysées
SeineHolidays
festivals. René Descartes
founder of modern philosophyFrench philosophers produced some of
most important political works of
Age of Enlightenment
Spirit of
Laws
Baron de Montesquieu theorised
principle of separation of powers
which has been implemented
all liberal democracies since
was first applied
United States
Voltaire came
embody
Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties
such
right
free trial
freedom of religion19th-century French thought was targeted
responding
social malaise following
French Revolution
Rationalist philosophers such
Victor Cousin
Auguste Comte
who called
new social doctrine
were opposed
reactionary thinkers such
Joseph de Maistre
Louis de Bonald
Félicité Robert de Lamennais
who blamed
rationalist rejection of traditional order
De Maistre
considered
together with
Englishman Edmund Burke
one of
founders of European conservatism
while Comte
regarded
founder of positivism
which Émile Durkheim reformulated
basis
social researchIn
20th century
partly
reaction
perceived excesses of positivism
French spiritualism thrived with thinkers such
Henri Bergson
influenced American pragmatism
Whitehead's version of process philosophy
Meanwhile
French epistemology became
prominent school of thought with Jules Henri Poincaré
Gaston Bachelard
Jean Cavaillès
Jules Vuillemin
Influenced
German phenomenology
existentialism
philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre gained
strong influence after World War II
late-20th-century-France became
craddle of postmodern philosophy with Jean-François Lyotard
Jean Baudrillard
Jacques Derrida
Michel FoucaultMusic, On 7 January 2015
two French Muslim extremists attacked
Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo
killed thirteen people
attack claimed
Al-Qaeda
Arabian Peninsula,
9 January
third terrorist
who claimed he was part of ISIL
killed four hostages during
attack
Jewish grocery store
Porte de Vincennes11 January
estimated 1.5 million people marched
Paris
show of solidarity against terrorism
support of freedom of speech13 November of
same year
series of coordinated bomb
gunfire terrorist attacks
Paris
Saint-Denis
claimed
ISIL, killed 130 people
injured more than 350On 3 February 2017
two-backpack-carrying
machete-wielding attacker shouting Allahu Akbar attacked soldiers guarding
Louvre museum after they stopped him because of his bags
assailant was shot
no explosives were found18 March of
same year
Vitry-sur-Seine bar
man held patrons hostage
then fled
later hold
gun
head of
Orly Airport French soldier
shouting I am here
die
name of Allah
was shot dead
soldier's comrades20 April
man shot dead French police officer
Champs-Élysées
was later shot dead himself19 June
man rammed his weapons-and-explosives-laden vehicle into
police van
Champs-Élysées
but
car only burst into flamesGeography. Hindu (4,000) The music room
Grobet-Labadié museum 6th arrondissement
Brotteaux
Bellecombe
Parc de la Tête d'or
Cité Internationale Map of
Metropolis of Lyon (the city of Lyon
red). Swordfish
olive oil with ratatouille
saffron rice The Gare du Nord railway station
busiest
EuropeParis
major rail
highway
air transport hub
Île-de-France Mobilités
formerly Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF)
before that theSyndicat des transports parisiens (STP)
oversees
transit network
regionsyndicate coordinates public transport
contracts
out
RATP (operating 347 bus lines
Métro
eight tramway lines
sections of
RER)
SNCF (operating suburban rails
one tramway line
other sections of
RER)
Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus linesRailways. Joan of Arc
plate armor holding sword facing left with gilded background Opéra Nouvel (1831)
renovated
1993
Jean Nouvel
Paris's most popular sport clubs
association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C
rugby union clubs Stade Français
Racing 92
last of which
based just outside
city proper
80,000-seat Stade de France
built
1998 FIFA World Cup
located just north of Paris
commune of Saint-Denis used
football
rugby union
track
field athletics
hosts
French national football team
friendlies
major tournaments qualifiers
annually hosts
French national rugby team's home matches of
Six Nations Championship
hosts several important matches of
Stade Français rugby teamaddition
Paris Saint-Germain FC
city has
number of other professional
amateur football clubs
Paris FC
Red Star
RCF Paris
Stade Français Paris2010 Tour de France
Champs Élysées.
The 19th-century Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde
enormous Romano-Byzantine basilica built
architect Espérandieu
hills
south of
Old Port
terrace offers spectacular panoramic views of Marseille
its surroundingsThe Stade Vélodrome
home stadium of
city's main football team
Olympique de MarseilleThe Unité d'Habitation
influential
iconic modernist building designed
Swiss architect Le Corbusier
1952
third floor
gastronomic restaurant
Le Ventre de l'Architecte
roof
contemporary gallery MaMo opened
2013The Docks de Marseille
19th-century warehouse transformed into officesThe Pharo Gardens
park with views of
Mediterranean
Old PortThe Corniche
picturesque waterfront road between
Old Port
Bay of MarseilleThe beaches
Prado
Pointe Rouge
Les Goudes
Callelongue
Le ProphèteThe Calanques
wild mountainous coastal area of outstanding natural beauty accessible from Callelongue
Sormiou
Morgiou
Luminy
Cassis
Calanques National Park became France's tenth national park
2012The islands of
Frioul archipelago
Bay of Marseille
accessible
ferry from
Old Port
prison of Château d'If was one of
settings
Count of Monte Cristo
novel
Alexandre Dumasneighbouring islands of Ratonneau
Pomègues
joined
man-made breakwater
site of
former garrison
quarantine hospital
these islands
also of interest
their marine wildlifeEducation
research. The Maison Carrée was
temple of
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes)
one of
best-preserved vestiges of
Roman EmpireIn 600 BC
Ionian Greeks
originating from Phocaea
founded
colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille)
shores of
Mediterranean Sea
This makes
France's oldest city same time
some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated parts of
current territory of France
this occupation spread
rest of France between
5th
3rd century BCThe Roman-era Theatre of Autun (Latin
Augustodunum)
Saône-et-Loire
one of
main historical sites of BurgundyThe concept of Gaul emerged
that time
corresponds
territories of Celtic settlement ranging between
Rhine
Atlantic Ocean
Pyrenees
Mediterranean
borders of modern France
roughly
same
those of ancient Gaul
which was inhabited
Celtic Gauls
Gaul was then
prosperous country
of which
southernmost part was heavily subject
Greek
Roman cultural
economic influencesAround 125 BC
south of Gaul was conquered
Romans
who called this region Provincia Nostra (Our Province)
which over time evolved into
name Provence
French
Julius Caesar conquered
remainder of Gaul
overcame
revolt carried out
Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix
52 BC
Gaul was divided
Augustus into Roman provinces
Many cities were founded during
Gallo-Roman period
including Lugdunum (present-day Lyon)
which
considered
capital of
Gauls
These cities were built
traditional Roman style
with
forum
theatre
circus
amphitheatre
thermal baths
Gauls mixed with Roman settlers
eventually adopted Roman culture
Roman speech (Latin
from which
French language evolved)
Roman polytheism merged with
Gallic paganism into
same syncretismFrom
250s
280s AD
Roman Gaul suffered
serious crisis with its fortified borders being attacked
several occasions
barbarians
Nevertheless
situation improved
first half of
4th century
which was
period of revival
prosperity
Roman Gaul312
Emperor Constantin I converted
Christianity
Subsequently
Christians
who had been persecuted until then
increased rapidly across
entire Roman Empire
But
from
beginning of
5th century
Barbarian Invasions resumed,
Germanic tribes
such
Vandals
Suebi
Alans crossed
Rhine
settled
Gaul
Spain
other parts of
collapsing Roman EmpireEarly Middle Ages (5th century–10th century). ENTPE (École Nationale des Travaux Publiques de l'État), Main article
Economy of Paris Population density
French Republic
1999 censusWith
estimated total population of 67.15 million people
of October 2017, with 65 million
metropolitan France
France
20th most populous country
world
third-most populous
Europe
France
also second most populous country
European Union after GermanyFrance
outlier among developed countries
general
European countries
particular
having
fairly high rate of natural population growth
birth rates alone
France was responsible
almost all natural population growth
European Union
2006
with
natural growth rate (excess of births over deaths) rising
300,000
with
immigration
population grew with almost 400,000 people, although
late 2010s
fell
200,000
This was
highest rate since
end of
baby boom
1973
coincides with
rise of
total fertility rate from
nadir of 1.7
1994
2.0
2010
of January 2017
fertility rate was 1.93From 2006
2011 population growth was
average +0.6% per year
Immigrants
also major contributors
this trend
2010
27% of newborns
metropolitan France had
least one foreign-born parent
24% had
least one parent born outside of Europe (parents born
overseas territories
considered
born
France)Ethnic groups. The Paris Catacombs hold
remains of approximately 6 million peopleIn Paris's Roman era
its main cemetery was located
outskirts of
Left Bank settlement
but this changed with
rise of Catholicism
where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds
use
their parishes
With Paris's growth many of these
particularly
city's largest cemetery
les Innocents
were filled
overflowing
creating quite unsanitary conditions
capital
When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786
contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred
renovated section of Paris's stone mines outside
Porte d'Enfer city gate
today place Denfert-Rochereau
14th arrondissementprocess of moving bones from Cimetière des Innocents
catacombs took place between 1786
1814
part of
network of tunnels
remains can be visited today
official tour of
catacombsAfter
tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries
Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided
more definitive solution
creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside
city limits
Open from 1804
these were
cemeteries of Père Lachaise
Montmartre
Montparnasse
later Passy
these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes
inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications
1860
New suburban cemeteries were created
early 20th century
largest of these
Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen
Cimetière parisien de Pantin (also known
Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny)
Cimetière parisien d'Ivry
Cimetière parisien de Bagneux
Some of
most famous people
world
buried
Parisian cemeteriesHealthcare. Le Grand Rex tower, Côte d'AzurCorsica Place Bellecour
one of
largest town squares
Europe, Main article
Law of France. The Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
teaching hospital
Paris
one of Europe's largest hospitalsThe French health care system
one of universal health care largely financed
government national health insurance
its 2000 assessment of world health care systems
World Health Organization found that France provided
close
best overall health care
worldFrench healthcare system was ranked first worldwide
World Health Organization
19972011
France spent 11.6% of GDP
health care
or US$4,086 per capita,
figure much higher than
average spent
countries
Europe but less than
United States
Approximately 77% of health expenditures
covered
government funded agenciesCare
generally free
people affected
chronic diseases (affections de longues durées) such
cancer
AIDS or cystic fibrosis
Average life expectancy
birth
78 years
men
85 years
women
one of
highest of
European Union
World
There
3.22 physicians
every 1000 inhabitants
France,
average health care spending per capita was US$4,719
2008of 2007
approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France
living with HIV/AIDSEven if
French have
reputation of being one of
thinnest people
developed countries, France—like other rich countries—faces
increasing
recent epidemic of obesity
due mostly
replacement
French eating habits of traditional healthy French cuisine
junk foodFrench obesity rate
still far below that of
United States (the obesity rate
France
same
United States had
1970s),
still
lowest of Europe
Authorities now regard obesity
one of
main public health issues
fight
fiercely
Rates of childhood obesity
slowing
France
while continuing
grow
other countriesEducation, Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire
Strasbourg
stone building with portico
park, Marseille has
hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with mild
humid winters
warm
hot
mostly dry summers
December
January
February
coldest months
averaging temperatures of around 12 °C (54 °F) during
day
4 °C (39 °F)
night
July
August
hottest months
averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C (82–86 °F) during
day
19 °C (66 °F)
night
Marignane airport (35 km (22 mi) from Marseille) but
city near
sea
average high temperature
27 °C (81 °F)
JulyMarseille
officially
sunniest major city
France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while
average sunshine
France
around 1,950 hours
also
driest major city with only 512 mm (20 in) of precipitation annually
especially thanks
Mistral
cold
dry wind originating
Rhône Valley that occurs mostly
winter
spring
which generally brings clear skies
sunny weather
region
Less frequent
Sirocco
hot
sand-bearing wind
coming from
Sahara Desert
Snowfalls
infrequent
over 50% of years do not experience
single snowfallThe hottest temperature was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F)
26 July 1983 during
great heat wave
lowest temperature was −14.3 °C (6.3 °F)
13 February 1929 during
strong cold waveClimate data
Marseille (Longchamp observatory) 43°18'21.2N 5°23'37.1E (1981–2003 averages
record highs
lows 1868–2003). Ariane four rocket taking off past
tower ISARA (Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture Rhône Alpes), Le Panier quarter with
Hotel de Ville
church of Notre-Dame des Accoules! See also
Paris
Middle Ages
Paris
16th century
Paris
17th century!
Ernest E Barrett DDS