Only Paris
Worthy Of Rome
Only Rome
Worthy Of Paris
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Main articles
Gaul
Celts
Roman Gaul IAE (Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Lyon)
Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière
large 19th-century basilica
top of Fourvière Hill. See also
Ministry of Ecology
Sustainable Development
Energy
National parks of France
Regional natural parks of France. This section needs expansion
You can help
adding
it
(June 2017), The Paris Catacombs hold
remains of approximately 6 million peopleIn Paris's Roman era
its main cemetery was located
outskirts of
Left Bank settlement
but this changed with
rise of Catholicism
where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds
use
their parishes
With Paris's growth many of these
particularly
city's largest cemetery
les Innocents
were filled
overflowing
creating quite unsanitary conditions
capital
When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786
contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred
renovated section of Paris's stone mines outside
Porte d'Enfer city gate
today place Denfert-Rochereau
14th arrondissementprocess of moving bones from Cimetière des Innocents
catacombs took place between 1786
1814
part of
network of tunnels
remains can be visited today
official tour of
catacombsAfter
tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries
Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided
more definitive solution
creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside
city limits
Open from 1804
these were
cemeteries of Père Lachaise
Montmartre
Montparnasse
later Passy
these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes
inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications
1860
New suburban cemeteries were created
early 20th century
largest of these
Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen
Cimetière parisien de Pantin (also known
Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny)
Cimetière parisien d'Ivry
Cimetière parisien de Bagneux
Some of
most famous people
world
buried
Parisian cemeteriesHealthcare.
Combined Arms School Côte d'AzurCorsica Théâtre des Célestins (1877)
designed
Gaspard André
Main articles
Arrondissements of Marseille
Cantons of Marseille. Main article
Lyonnaise cuisine, French cuisine
also regarded
key element of
quality of life
attractiveness of FranceFrench publication
Michelin guide
awards Michelin stars
excellence
select few establishmentsacquisition or loss of
star can have dramatic effects
success of
restaurant
2006
Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars
French restaurants
that time more than any other country
although
guide also inspects more restaurants
France than
any other country (by 2010
Japan was awarded
many Michelin stars
France
despite having half
number of Michelin inspectors working there)In addition
its wine tradition
France
also
major producer of beer
rum
three main French brewing regions
Alsace (60% of national production)
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Lorraine
meal often consists of three courses
hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course
sometimes soup)
plat principal (main course)
fromage (cheese course) or dessert
sometimes with
salad offered before
cheese or dessert
France produces rum via distilleries located
islands such
Reunion Island
southern Indian OceanSports, Université de Provence Aix-Marseille I By
end of
12th century
Paris had become
political
economic
religious
cultural capital of FrancePalais de la Cité
royal residence
was located
western end of
Île de la Cité
1163
during
reign of Louis VII
Maurice de Sully
bishop of Paris
undertook
construction of
Notre Dame Cathedral
its eastern extremityAfter
marshland between
river Seine
its slower 'dead arm'
its north was filled
around
10th century, Paris's cultural centre began
move
Right Bank
1137
new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced
two smaller ones
Île de la Cité
Place de la Grève (Hotel de Ville)latter location housed
headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation
organisation that later became
unofficially (although formally
later years)
Paris's first municipal governmentIn
late 12th century
Philip Augustus extended
Louvre fortress
defend
city against river invasions from
west
gave
city its first walls between 1190
1215
rebuilt its bridges
either side of its central island
paved its main thoroughfares1190
he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into
student-teacher corporation that would become
University of Paris
would draw students from all of EuropeThe Palais de la Cité
Sainte-Chapelle
viewed from
Left Bank
from
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410). Main article
Administration of Paris Main article
Religion
France Combined Arms School France has
long
varied musical history
experienced
golden age
17th century thanks
Louis XIV
who employed
number of talented musicians
composers
royal court
most renowned composers of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier
François Couperin
Michel-Richard Delalande
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Marin Marais
all of them composers
court
After
death of
Roi Soleil
French musical creation lost dynamism
but
next century
music of Jean-Philippe Rameau reached some prestige
today he
still one of
most renowned French composers
Rameau became
dominant composer of French opera
leading French composer
harpsichord.[full citation needed]; Lumière University Magdalena Frackowiak
Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011), Le Serment du Jeu de paume
Jacques-Louis David
1791. Hauts-de- The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced
first permanent photograph
polished pewter plate
Paris
1825
1839
after
death of Niépce
Louis Daguerre patented
Daguerrotype
which became
most common form of photography until
1860s
work of Étienne-Jules Marey
1880s contributed considerably
development of modern photography
Photography came
occupy
central role
Parisian Surrealist activity
works of Man Ray
Maurice Tabard
Numerous photographers achieved renown
their photography of Paris
including Eugène Atget
noted
his depictions of street scenes
Robert Doisneau
noted
his playful pictures of people
market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of
romantic vision of Paris)
Marcel Bovis
noted
his night scenes
others such
Jacques-Henri Lartigue
Cartier-Bresson
Poster art also became
important art form
Paris
late nineteenth century
through
work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Jules Chéret
Eugène Grasset
Adolphe Willette
Pierre Bonnard
Georges de Feure
Henri-Gabriel Ibels
Gavarni
Alphonse MuchaMuseums, The first book printed
France
Epistolae (Letters)
Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza)
was published
Paris
1470
press established
Johann Heynlin
Since then
Paris has been
centre of
French publishing industry
home of some of
world's best-known writers
poets
setting
many classic works of French literature
Almost all
books published
Paris
Middle Ages were
Latin
rather than French
Paris did not become
acknowledged capital of French literature until
17th century
with authors such
Boileau
Corneille
La Fontaine
Molière
Racine
several coming from
provinces
foundation of
Académie française 18th century
literary life of Paris revolved around
cafés
salons
was dominated
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Pierre de Marivaux
BeaumarchaisDuring
19th century
Paris was
home
subject
some of France's greatest writers
including Charles Baudelaire
Stéphane Mallarmé
Mérimée
Alfred de Musset
Marcel Proust
Émile Zola
Alexandre Dumas
Gustave Flaubert
Guy de Maupassant
Honoré de Balzac
Victor Hugo's
Hunchback of Notre Dame inspired
renovation of its setting
Notre-Dame de Paris
Another of Victor Hugo's works
Les Misérables
written while he was
exile outside France during
Second Empire
described
social change
political turmoil
Paris
early 1830s
One of
most popular of all French writers
Jules Verne
worked
Theatre Lyrique
Paris stock exchange
while he did research
his stories
National Library.[citation not found], Tour Eiffel
sunrise from
trocadero They take place
three main sites
Palais du Pharo
Palais des Congrès et des Expositions (Parc Chanot)
World Trade Center2012 Marseille hosted
World Water Forum
Several urban projects have been developed
make Marseille attractive
Thus new parks
museums
public spaces
real estate projects aim
improve
city's quality of life (Parc du 26e Centenaire
Old Port of Marseille, numerous places
Euroméditerranée)
attract firms
people
Marseille municipality acts
develop Marseille
regional nexus
entertainment
south of France with high concentration of museums
cinemas
theatres
clubs
bars
restaurants
fashion shops
hotels
art galleriesEmployment. Montessori School of LyonSupplementary education Climate On 14 June 1940
German army marched into Paris
which had been declared
open city16–17 July 1942
following German orders
French police
gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews
including 4,115 children
confined them during five days
Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver)
from which they were transported
train
extermination camp
Auschwitz
None of
children came back25 August 1944
city was liberated
French 2nd Armoured Division
4th Infantry Division of
United States Army
General Charles de Gaulle led
huge
emotional crowd down
Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris
made
rousing speech from
Hôtel de VilleIn
1950s
1960s
Paris became one front of
Algerian War
independence
August 1961
pro-independence FLN targeted
killed 11 Paris policemen
leading
imposition of
curfew
Muslims of Algeria (who
that time
were French citizens)
17 October 1961
unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against
curfew led
violent confrontations between
police
demonstrators
which
least 40 people were killed
including some thrown into
Seine
anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS)
their part
carried out
series of bombings
Paris throughout 1961
1962In May 1968
protesting students occupied
Sorbonne
put up barricades
Latin Quarter
Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined
students
movement grew into
two-week general strike
Supporters of
government won
June elections
large majority
May 1968 events
France resulted
break-up of
University of Paris into 13 independent campuses1975
National Assembly changed
status of Paris
that of other French cities and
25 March 1977
Jacques Chirac became
first elected mayor of Paris since 1793Tour Maine-Montparnasse
tallest building
city
57 storeys
210 metres (689 feet) high
was built between 1969
1973
was highly controversial
remains
only building
centre of
city over 32 storeys highpopulation of Paris dropped from 2,850,000
1954
2,152,000
1990
middle-class families moved
suburbssuburban railway network
RER (Réseau Express Régional)
was built
complement
Métro
Périphérique expressway encircling
city
was completed
1973Most of
postwar's Presidents of
Fifth Republic wanted
leave their own monuments
Paris
President Georges Pompidou started
Centre Georges Pompidou (1977)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began
Musée d'Orsay (1986)
President François Mitterrand
power
14 years
built
Opéra Bastille (1985–1989)
new site of
Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996)
Arche de la Défense (1985–1989)
Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983–1989)
Jacques Chirac (2006)
Musée du quai BranlyIn
early 21st century
population of Paris began
increase slowly again
more young people moved into
city
reached 2.25 million
2011
March 2001
Bertrand Delanoë became
first Socialist Mayor of Paris
2007
effort
reduce car traffic
city
he introduced
Vélib'
system which rents bicycles
use of local residents
visitors
Bertrand Delanoë also transformed
section of
highway along
Left Bank of
Seine into
urban promenade
park
Promenade des Berges de la Seine
which he inaugurated
June 2013In 2007
President Nicolas Sarkozy launched
Grand Paris project
integrate Paris more closely with
towns
region around it
After many modifications
new area
named
Metropolis of Grand Paris
with
population of 6.7 million
was created
1 January 20162011
City of Paris
national government approved
plans
Grand Paris Express
totalling 205 kilometres (127 miles) of automated metro lines
connect Paris
innermost three departments around Paris
airports
high-speed rail (TGV) stations
estimated cost of €35 billionsystem
scheduled
be completed
2030On 5 April 2014
Anne Hidalgo
Socialist
was elected
first female Mayor of ParisTerrorist attacks; Other religion (2.5%), In
summer of 1789
Paris became
centre stage of
French Revolution
14 July
mob seized
arsenal
Invalides
acquiring thousands of guns
stormed
Bastille
symbol of royal authority
first independent Paris Commune
or city council
met
Hôtel de Ville and
15 July
elected
Mayor
astronomer Jean Sylvain BaillyThe Paris Opera was
centrepiece of Napoleon III's new Paris
architect
Charles Garnier
described
style simply
Napoleon
ThirdLouis XVI
royal family were brought
Paris
made prisoners within
Tuileries Palace
1793
revolution turned more
more radical
king
queen
mayor were guillotined
along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France)
during
Reign of Terrorproperty of
aristocracy
church was nationalised
city's churches were closed
sold or demolishedsuccession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire)
when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power
First ConsulThe Jardin du Luxembourg
Panthéon
background, Main article
France
twentieth century Main article
French architecture. Tour Eiffel
sunrise from
trocadero Main article
Geography of France Alpes- Government The main French research bodies including
CNRS
INSERM
INRA
all well represented
Marseille
Scientific research
concentrated
several sites across
city
including Luminy
where there
institutes
developmental biology (the IBDML)
immunology (CIML)
marine sciences
neurobiology (INMED)
CNRS Joseph Aiguier campus (a world-renowned institute of molecular
environmental microbiology)
Timone hospital site (known
work
medical microbiology)
Marseille
also home
headquarters of
IRD
which promotes research into questions affecting developing countriesTransport.
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