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On 8 May 1945 While Liberation Was Celebrated France Peaceful Demonstrations Sétif Eastern Algeria Were Violently Repressed More Than 40,000 Algerian Fell Victim Shooting Strafing From Planes Armed Cars End Of Same Month French Bombarded Damascus Killing Hundredsbombardment Of Haiphong 23 November 1946 Killed About 6,000 Between March 1947 September 1948 Electoral Victory Of Proponents Of Independence Madagascar Was Followed Savage Repression French Army (18,000 Mostly Senegalese Troops) Resulting Some 90,000 Deaths Some 200 Peaceful Civilians Demonstrating Independence Were Killed (mostly Senegalese) French Troops Casablanca Morocco April 7–8 1947Cameroon Radical Nationalist Movement Independence Union Des Populations Du Cameroun (UPC) Was Forced Underground Engaged Guerrilla Warfare Against French Administration Ensuing Repression Of French Army Paramilitary Forces (gendarmerie) Took Form During 1958–1960 Of Scorched-earth Policy Whereby Entire Villages Of South-central Western Cameroon Bassa Bamiléké Areas Were Burned Ground Resulting Between 60,000 100,000 Deaths France Attempted Regain Control Of French Indochina But Was Defeated Viet Minh 1954 Climactic Battle Of Dien Bien Phu Estimates Of Number Of Vietnamese Military Civilian Casualties During War Of Independence From France Range From 300,000 Dead 300,000 Wounded Half Million Dead 1 Million WoundedOnly Months Later France Faced Another Anti-colonialist Conflict Algeria Torture Illegal Executions Were Perpetrated Both Sides Debate Over Whether Or Not Keep Control Of Algeria Then Home Over One Million European Settlers, Wracked Country Nearly Led Coup Civil War1958 Weak Unstable Fourth Republic Gave Way Fifth Republic Which Included Strengthened Presidency Latter Role Charles De Gaulle Managed Keep Country Together While Taking Steps End Algerian War Despite Its Military Victory France Granted Independence Algerians War Exacted Heavy Human Toll Among Algerian Population Resulted Some 500,000 Deaths 2,137,000 Internally Displaced Algeriansvestige Of Colonial Empire French Overseas Departments TerritoriesIn Context Of Cold War De Gaulle Pursued Policy Of National Independence Towards Western Eastern Blocs This End He Withdrew From NATO's Military Integrated Command He Launched Nuclear Development Programme Made France Fourth Nuclear Power He Restored Cordial Franco-German Relations Order Create European Counterweight Between American Soviet Spheres Of Influence However He Opposed Any Development Of Supranational Europe Favouring Europe Of Sovereign Nations Wake Of Series Of Worldwide Protests Of 1968 Revolt Of May 1968 Had Enormous Social Impact France Considered Be Watershed Moment When Conservative Moral Ideal (religion Patriotism Respect Authority) Shifted Towards More Liberal Moral Ideal (secularism Individualism Sexual Revolution) Although Revolt Was Political Failure (as Gaullist Party Emerged Even Stronger Than Before) Announced Split Between French People De Gaulle Who Resigned Shortly AfterIn Post-Gaullist Era France Remained One Of Most Developed Economies World But Faced Several Economic Crises That Resulted High Unemployment Rates Increasing Public Debt Late 20th Early 21st Centuries France Has Been Forefront Of Development Of Supranational European Union Notably Signing Maastricht Treaty (which Created European Union) 1992 Establishing Eurozone 1999 Signing Lisbon Treaty 2007 France Has Also Gradually But Fully Reintegrated Into NATO Has Since Participated Most NATO Sponsored WarsPlace De La République Statue Column With Large French Flag