On 8 May 1945
While Liberation Was Celebrated
France
Peaceful Demonstrations
Sétif
Eastern Algeria
Were Violently Repressed
More Than 40,000 Algerian Fell Victim
Shooting
Strafing
From Planes
Armed Cars End Of
Same Month
French Bombarded Damascus
Killing Hundredsbombardment Of Haiphong
23 November 1946 Killed About 6,000
Between March 1947
September 1948
Electoral Victory Of
Proponents Of Independence
Madagascar Was Followed
Savage Repression
French Army (18,000
Mostly Senegalese
Troops)
Resulting
Some 90,000 Deaths
Some 200 Peaceful Civilians Demonstrating
Independence Were Killed
(mostly Senegalese) French Troops
Casablanca
Morocco
April 7–8
1947Cameroon
Radical Nationalist Movement
Independence
Union Des Populations Du Cameroun (UPC)
Was Forced Underground
Engaged
Guerrilla Warfare Against
French Administration
Ensuing Repression Of
French Army
Paramilitary Forces (gendarmerie) Took
Form
During 1958–1960
Of
Scorched-earth Policy
Whereby Entire Villages Of South-central
Western Cameroon
Bassa
Bamiléké Areas Were Burned
Ground
Resulting
Between 60,000
100,000 Deaths
France Attempted
Regain Control Of French Indochina But Was Defeated
Viet Minh
1954
Climactic Battle Of Dien Bien Phu
Estimates Of
Number Of Vietnamese Military
Civilian Casualties During
War Of Independence From France Range From 300,000 Dead
300,000 Wounded
Half
Million Dead
1 Million WoundedOnly Months Later
France Faced Another Anti-colonialist Conflict
Algeria
Torture
Illegal Executions Were Perpetrated
Both Sides
Debate Over Whether Or Not
Keep Control Of Algeria
Then Home
Over One Million European Settlers, Wracked
Country
Nearly Led
Coup
Civil War1958
Weak
Unstable Fourth Republic Gave Way
Fifth Republic
Which Included
Strengthened Presidency Latter Role
Charles De Gaulle Managed
Keep
Country Together While Taking Steps
End
Algerian War
Despite Its Military Victory
France Granted Independence
Algerians
War Exacted
Heavy Human Toll Among
Algerian Population
Resulted
Some 500,000 Deaths
2,137,000 Internally Displaced Algeriansvestige Of
Colonial Empire
French Overseas Departments
TerritoriesIn
Context Of
Cold War
De Gaulle Pursued
Policy Of National Independence Towards
Western
Eastern Blocs
This End
He Withdrew From NATO's Military Integrated Command
He Launched
Nuclear Development Programme
Made France
Fourth Nuclear Power
He Restored Cordial Franco-German Relations
Order
Create
European Counterweight Between
American
Soviet Spheres Of Influence
However
He Opposed Any Development Of
Supranational Europe
Favouring
Europe Of Sovereign Nations
Wake Of
Series Of Worldwide Protests Of 1968
Revolt Of May 1968 Had
Enormous Social Impact
France
Considered
Be
Watershed Moment When
Conservative Moral Ideal (religion
Patriotism
Respect
Authority) Shifted Towards
More Liberal Moral Ideal (secularism
Individualism
Sexual Revolution)
Although
Revolt Was
Political Failure (as
Gaullist Party Emerged Even Stronger Than Before)
Announced
Split Between
French People
De Gaulle Who Resigned Shortly AfterIn
Post-Gaullist Era
France Remained One Of
Most Developed Economies
World
But Faced Several Economic Crises That Resulted
High Unemployment Rates
Increasing Public Debt
Late 20th
Early 21st Centuries France Has Been
Forefront Of
Development Of
Supranational European Union
Notably
Signing
Maastricht Treaty (which Created
European Union)
1992
Establishing
Eurozone
1999
Signing
Lisbon Treaty
2007
France Has Also Gradually But Fully Reintegrated Into NATO
Has Since Participated
Most NATO Sponsored WarsPlace De La République Statue Column With Large French Flag
Lyon
third-largest city
second-largest urban area of France
located
country's east-central part
confluence of
rivers Rhône
Saône, about 470 km (292 mi) south from Paris
320 km (199 mi) north from Marseille
56 km (35 mi) northeast from Saint-Étienne
Inhabitants of
city
called LyonnaisLyon had
population of 513,275
2015capital of
Metropolis of Lyon
region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Lyon metropolitan area had
population of 2,265,375
2014
second-largest urban area
Francecity
known
its cuisine
gastronomy
historical
architectural landmarks
part of
registered
UNESCO World Heritage site
Lyon was historically
important area
production
weaving of silk
Lyon played
significant role
history of cinema
where Auguste
Louis Lumière invented
cinematograph
also known
its light festival
Fête des Lumières
which begins every 8 December
lasts
four days
earning Lyon
title of Capital of LightsEconomically
Lyon
major centre
banking
well
chemical
pharmaceutical
biotech industries
city contains
significant software industry with
particular focus
video games
recent years has fostered
growing local start-up sector
Lyon hosts
international headquarters of Interpol
International Agency
Research
Cancer
Euronews
was ranked 19th globally
second
France
innovation
2014ranked second
France
39th globally
Mercer's 2015 liveability rankingsHistory. History See also
Arrondissements of Paris
List of mayors of Paris. Musée des Confluences
new museum of sciences
anthropology which opened its doors
20 December 2014La Sucrière
contemporary art centre.
4th arrondissement
Plateau de la Croix-Rousse
Serin Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (located
Villeurbanne). Franche- The population of
city of Lyon proper was 491,268
January 2011 census, 14% of whom were born outside Metropolitan FranceMain sights. Hôtel national des Invalides Île-de- The Paris Métro
busiest subway network
European UnionSince
inauguration of its first line
1900
Paris's Métro (subway) network has grown
become
city's most widely used local transport system
today
carries about 5.23 million passengers daily through 16 lines
303 stations (385 stops)
220 km (136.7 mi) of rails
Superimposed
this
'regional express network'
RER
whose five lines (A
B
C
D
E)
257 stops
587 km (365 mi) of rails connect Paris
more distant parts of
urban areaOver €26.5 billion will be invested over
next 15 years
extend
Métro network into
suburbs, with notably
Grand Paris Express projectIn addition
Paris region
served
light rail network of nine lines
tramway
Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers
Noisy-le-Sec
Line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons
Porte de Versailles
Line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano
Porte de Vincennes
Line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes
Porte de la Chapelle
Line T5 runs from Saint-Denis
Garges-Sarcelles
Line T6 runs from Châtillon
Viroflay
Line T7 runs from Villejuif
Athis-Mons
Line T8 runs from Saint-Denis
Épinay-sur-Seine
Villetaneuse
all of which
operated
RATP Group,
line T4 runs from Bondy RER
Aulnay-sous-Bois
which
operated
state rail carrier SNCF
Five new light rail lines
currently
various stages of developmentAir. One of
Lascaux paintings
horse – approximately 18,000 BC Geographically
Lyon's two main rivers
Saône
Rhône
divide
arrondissements into three groups
Parc Olympique Lyonnais.
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