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On 8 May 1945 While Liberation Was Celebrated France Peaceful Demonstrations Sétif Eastern Algeria Were Violently Repressed More Than 40,000 Algerian Fell Victim Shooting Strafing From Planes Armed Cars End Of Same Month French Bombarded Damascus Killing Hundredsbombardment Of Haiphong 23 November 1946 Killed About 6,000 Between March 1947 September 1948 Electoral Victory Of Proponents Of Independence Madagascar Was Followed Savage Repression French Army (18,000 Mostly Senegalese Troops) Resulting Some 90,000 Deaths Some 200 Peaceful Civilians Demonstrating Independence Were Killed (mostly Senegalese) French Troops Casablanca Morocco April 7–8 1947Cameroon Radical Nationalist Movement Independence Union Des Populations Du Cameroun (UPC) Was Forced Underground Engaged Guerrilla Warfare Against French Administration Ensuing Repression Of French Army Paramilitary Forces (gendarmerie) Took Form During 1958–1960 Of Scorched-earth Policy Whereby Entire Villages Of South-central Western Cameroon Bassa Bamiléké Areas Were Burned Ground Resulting Between 60,000 100,000 Deaths France Attempted Regain Control Of French Indochina But Was Defeated Viet Minh 1954 Climactic Battle Of Dien Bien Phu Estimates Of Number Of Vietnamese Military Civilian Casualties During War Of Independence From France Range From 300,000 Dead 300,000 Wounded Half Million Dead 1 Million WoundedOnly Months Later France Faced Another Anti-colonialist Conflict Algeria Torture Illegal Executions Were Perpetrated Both Sides Debate Over Whether Or Not Keep Control Of Algeria Then Home Over One Million European Settlers, Wracked Country Nearly Led Coup Civil War1958 Weak Unstable Fourth Republic Gave Way Fifth Republic Which Included Strengthened Presidency Latter Role Charles De Gaulle Managed Keep Country Together While Taking Steps End Algerian War Despite Its Military Victory France Granted Independence Algerians War Exacted Heavy Human Toll Among Algerian Population Resulted Some 500,000 Deaths 2,137,000 Internally Displaced Algeriansvestige Of Colonial Empire French Overseas Departments TerritoriesIn Context Of Cold War De Gaulle Pursued Policy Of National Independence Towards Western Eastern Blocs This End He Withdrew From NATO's Military Integrated Command He Launched Nuclear Development Programme Made France Fourth Nuclear Power He Restored Cordial Franco-German Relations Order Create European Counterweight Between American Soviet Spheres Of Influence However He Opposed Any Development Of Supranational Europe Favouring Europe Of Sovereign Nations Wake Of Series Of Worldwide Protests Of 1968 Revolt Of May 1968 Had Enormous Social Impact France Considered Be Watershed Moment When Conservative Moral Ideal (religion Patriotism Respect Authority) Shifted Towards More Liberal Moral Ideal (secularism Individualism Sexual Revolution) Although Revolt Was Political Failure (as Gaullist Party Emerged Even Stronger Than Before) Announced Split Between French People De Gaulle Who Resigned Shortly AfterIn Post-Gaullist Era France Remained One Of Most Developed Economies World But Faced Several Economic Crises That Resulted High Unemployment Rates Increasing Public Debt Late 20th Early 21st Centuries France Has Been Forefront Of Development Of Supranational European Union Notably Signing Maastricht Treaty (which Created European Union) 1992 Establishing Eurozone 1999 Signing Lisbon Treaty 2007 France Has Also Gradually But Fully Reintegrated Into NATO Has Since Participated Most NATO Sponsored WarsPlace De La République Statue Column With Large French Flag
The Château d'If Map of Metropolis of Lyon (the city of Lyon red), Paris has been international capital of high fashion since 19th century particularly domain of haute couture clothing hand-made order private clients home of some of largest fashion houses world including Dior Chanel of many well-known fashion designers including Karl Lagerfeld Jean-Paul Gaultier Christophe Josse Christian Lacroix Paris Fashion Week held January July Carrousel du Louvre other city locations among top four events of international fashion calendar along with fashion weeks Milan London New York Paris also home of world's largest cosmetics company L'Oréal three of five top global makers of luxury fashion accessories Louis Vuitton Hermés Cartier Most of major fashion designers have their showrooms along Avenue Montaigne between Champs-Élysées SeineHolidays festivals; FranceGrand Est Medieval philosophy was dominated Scholasticism until emergence of Humanism Renaissance Modern philosophy began France 17th century with philosophy of René Descartes Blaise Pascal Nicolas Malebranche Descartes revitalised Western philosophy which had been declined after Greek Roman eras His Meditations First Philosophy changed primary object of philosophical thought raised some of most fundamental problems foreigners such Spinoza Leibniz Hume Berkeley KantFrans Hals painting of René Descartes facing right black coat white collar, Rue de Rivoli In late 12th century school of polyphony was established Notre-Dame Among Trouvères of northern France group of Parisian aristocrats became known their poetry songs Troubadours from south of France were also popular During reign of François I Renaissance era lute became popular French court French royal family courtiers disported themselves masques ballets allegorical dances recitals opera comedy national musical printing house was established Baroque-era noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Philippe Rameau François CouperinConservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded 17951870 Paris had become important centre symphony ballet operatic musicRomantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique) Charles Gounod (Faust) Camille Saint-Saëns (Samson et Delilah) Léo Delibes (Lakmé) Jules Massenet (Thaïs) among others Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875 Carmen has since become one of most popular frequently-performed operas classical canon Among Impressionist composers who created new works piano orchestra opera chamber music other musical forms stand particular Claude Debussy (Suite bergamasque its well-known third movement Clair de lune La Mer Pelléas et Mélisande) Erik Satie (Gymnopédies Je te veux Gnossiennes Parade) Maurice Ravel (Miroirs Boléro La valse L'heure espagnole) Several foreign-born composers such Frédéric Chopin (Poland) Franz Liszt (Hungary) Jacques Offenbach (Germany) Niccolò Paganini (Italy) Igor Stravinsky (Russia) established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works their influence ParisCharles Aznavour, Map of City of Lyon divided into 9 arrondissements. Main article Religion Marseille Major religious communities Marseille include administrative language.
Basilica of St-Martin-d'Ainay one of rare surviving Romanesque basilica-style churches Lyon Catholic University of Lyon. French cuisine also regarded key element of quality of life attractiveness of FranceFrench publication Michelin guide awards Michelin stars excellence select few establishmentsacquisition or loss of star can have dramatic effects success of restaurant 2006 Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars French restaurants that time more than any other country although guide also inspects more restaurants France than any other country (by 2010 Japan was awarded many Michelin stars France despite having half number of Michelin inspectors working there)In addition its wine tradition France also major producer of beer rum three main French brewing regions Alsace (60% of national production) Nord-Pas-de-Calais Lorraine meal often consists of three courses hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course sometimes soup) plat principal (main course) fromage (cheese course) or dessert sometimes with salad offered before cheese or dessert France produces rum via distilleries located islands such Reunion Island southern Indian OceanSports. ESDES Business School In addition 18 regions 101 departments French Republic has five overseas collectivities (French Polynesia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre Miquelon Wallis Futuna) one sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia) one overseas territory (French Southern Antarctic Lands) one island possession Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island)Overseas collectivities territories form part of French Republic but do not form part of European Union or its fiscal area (with exception of St Bartelemy which seceded from Guadeloupe 2007) Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia Wallis Futuna New Caledonia continue use CFP franc whose value strictly linked that of euro contrast five overseas regions used French franc now use eurodiagram of overseas territories of France showing map shapes.
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