Highland Hospital

ComtéCentre-Val de Loire The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced first permanent photograph polished pewter plate Paris 1825 1839 after death of Niépce Louis Daguerre patented Daguerrotype which became most common form of photography until 1860s work of Étienne-Jules Marey 1880s contributed considerably development of modern photography Photography came occupy central role Parisian Surrealist activity works of Man Ray Maurice Tabard Numerous photographers achieved renown their photography of Paris including Eugène Atget noted his depictions of street scenes Robert Doisneau noted his playful pictures of people market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of romantic vision of Paris) Marcel Bovis noted his night scenes others such Jacques-Henri Lartigue Cartier-Bresson Poster art also became important art form Paris late nineteenth century through work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Jules Chéret Eugène Grasset Adolphe Willette Pierre Bonnard Georges de Feure Henri-Gabriel Ibels Gavarni Alphonse MuchaMuseums, Only Paris worthy of Rome only Rome worthy of Paris a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a a a A a a A A a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a A A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a A A a a a a a A a a a a a a A a A a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a A a A A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A A a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A A a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a A a a A a a a a a a a a A a A a A A a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a A a a A a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a A a A a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a A a a a a A A a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a A a a a a a a are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are ARE are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are are in in in in in in In In in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in in in in In in in in in IN in in in In In in in In in in In in in in in in in In In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in In In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in In In In in in in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in In in in In in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in In in in in in in IN In in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in In In In in in in in in in in in In in in In in in in In in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in In in in in in In In in in in in in in in In in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in In in in In in in In In in In In In in in in in in In In in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In In In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In In In in in in in in In in in in in in In in in in in In in in In in in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in in in in In in In in in In in In in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in In in in in in In in in In In in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In in In In In in In in In In In in in in in in in in in In in In in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in In In In in in in In In in In in in in in in in In in in in In in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in In In in in in in in In in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in in In in in in in In in In in in in in in In In in In In in in in in in in in in in in in In In in in in in in in in In in in in in In in In in In in In In in in in in in in in in In in in in in In In in in on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on On on on on On on on on on on On On on on on on on On on on On on on On on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on On on on on on On On on on on On on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on On on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on On on On on on on On on on on on On on On on On On on on on on on on on on on On On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on on an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an An an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an An an An an an an an an an an an an an An An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an An an an an An An an an an an an an An an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an An an an an an An an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an An an an an an an an an an an an an an an an is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is Is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is Is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is IS is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is is to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to To to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to it it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it it It it it it It it It it It it it It it it It it it it it it it it it it it It It it It It It it it it It It it it it it It it it it it it it It It it it it it It it It it it it It it it it it it It it it it it it it it it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it It it it it it it It it it It it it It It It it it it It It It it it it it it it it It it it it it it it it it It It it it it it It It it it it it it It It It it it it it It it It It it it it it it it it it it it It it It it it it It It It it It it IT it It it It it It it It it it it it it it It it It it It It it it it it it it it It it It it it it it it it it it it it it It it it It it It it It it it it It it It it it it it It it It it it it it it It it it it it it it it it it it it it it it It it It it IT it it it it it it it it it It It it It It it it It It it it It It it it it it it it it it it it it it it the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the The The the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the The the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the The the the The the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the The the the the The The the the the the the The the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the The the The The the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the The the the The the the the the The the The The the the The the the the the the The the the the the The the The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The The the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the The the The The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The The the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the The The The the the the the the the the the the The the the the The The the the The the The the The the The the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the The the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as As as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as As as as as as as as as AS as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as AS as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as As as as as as as as as As as as by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By By by by By by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by BY by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by By by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and And and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and AND and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for For for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for for for for for For for for For for for for for for for for for For For for For for for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for FOR for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for For for for for for for for for for for for for For for For for for for for for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for for for for For for for for for for for For for for for for for for at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at At At at at at at at at at at at at at at at at at At at at at at at At at at at at at at at at and and and and and and and and and and and by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by as as as As as as as as as as as the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the the The the the the the the the the the the it it it it it It to to to is is is an An an an an an an an on on on on on on On on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on on on on on on on on on on on On on on are are a a a a a a a a a a a a a. In 20th century Paris literary community was dominated figures such Colette André Gide François Mauriac André Malraux Albert Camus and after World War II Simone de Beauvoir Jean-Paul Sartre Between wars was home of many important expatriate writers including Ernest Hemingway Samuel Beckett and 1970s Milan Kundera winner of 2014 Nobel Prize Literature Patrick Modiano (who lives Paris) based most of his literary work depiction of city during World War II 1960s–1970sParis city of books bookstores 1970s 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found Paris almost all Left Bank 5th 6th 7th arrondissements Since that time because of high prices some publishers have moved out less expensive areas also city of small bookstores There about 150 bookstores 5th arrondissement alone plus another 250 book stalls along Seine Small Paris bookstores protected against competition from discount booksellers French law books even e-books cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover priceMusic. Since Middle Ages residents of region have spoken several dialects of Franco-Provençal Lyonnais dialect was replaced French language importance of city grew However some frenchified Franco-Provençal words can also be heard French of Lyonnais who call their little boys girls gones fenottes exampleThe Lumière brothers pioneered cinema town 1895 Institut Lumière built Auguste Lumiere's house fascinating piece of architecture its own right holds many of their first inventions other early cinematic photographic artefacts8 December each year marked Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières) celebration of thanks Virgin Mary who purportedly saved city from deadly plague Middle Ages During event local population places candles (lumignons) their windows city of Lyon organises impressive large-scale light shows onto sides of important Lyonnais monuments such mediaeval Cathédrale St-JeanThe church of Saint Francis of Sales famous its large unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ attracting audiences from around worldThe Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) home of Opéra National de Lyon original opera house was re-designed distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 1993 named after himLyon also French capital of trompe l'œil walls very ancient tradition Many be seen around city This old tradition now finding contemporary expression example art of Guillaume BottazziThe Brothers of Sacred Heart Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools Europe North America was founded Lyon 1821The African Museum of Lyon one of oldest museums situated LyonThe Museum of Resistance Deportation looks various individuals prominent Resistance movement World War II building strongly linked Klaus Barbie Lyon sees itself centre of French resistance many members were shot Place Bellecour town centre exhibition largely series of mini-biographies of those involvedThe unusual project Lyon Dubai City reproduction of some districts of Lyon Dubai major point tourism LyonLyon pilot city of Council of Europe European Commission Intercultural cities programmeUNESCO World Heritage Site, Main articles History of Marseille Timeline of Marseille The Louvre The lawns of Parc des Buttes-Chaumont sunny day.

Magdalena Frackowiak Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011), Polytech Lyon located Villeurbanne On 8 May 1945 while Liberation was celebrated France peaceful demonstrations Sétif eastern Algeria were violently repressed More than 40,000 Algerian fell victim shooting strafing from planes armed cars end of same month French bombarded Damascus killing hundredsbombardment of Haiphong 23 November 1946 killed about 6,000 Between March 1947 September 1948 electoral victory of proponents of independence Madagascar was followed savage repression French army (18,000 mostly Senegalese troops) resulting some 90,000 deaths Some 200 peaceful civilians demonstrating independence were killed (mostly Senegalese) French troops Casablanca Morocco April 7–8 1947Cameroon radical nationalist movement independence Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) was forced underground engaged guerrilla warfare against French administration ensuing repression of French army paramilitary forces (gendarmerie) took form during 1958–1960 of scorched-earth policy whereby entire villages of south-central western Cameroon Bassa Bamiléké areas were burned ground resulting between 60,000 100,000 deaths France attempted regain control of French Indochina but was defeated Viet Minh 1954 climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu Estimates of number of Vietnamese military civilian casualties during war of independence from France range from 300,000 dead 300,000 wounded half million dead 1 million woundedOnly months later France faced another anti-colonialist conflict Algeria Torture illegal executions were perpetrated both sides debate over whether or not keep control of Algeria then home over one million European settlers, wracked country nearly led coup civil war1958 weak unstable Fourth Republic gave way Fifth Republic which included strengthened Presidency latter role Charles de Gaulle managed keep country together while taking steps end Algerian war Despite its military victory France granted independence Algerians war exacted heavy human toll among Algerian population resulted some 500,000 deaths 2,137,000 internally displaced Algeriansvestige of colonial empire French overseas departments territoriesIn context of Cold War de Gaulle pursued policy of national independence towards Western Eastern blocs this end he withdrew from NATO's military integrated command he launched nuclear development programme made France fourth nuclear power He restored cordial Franco-German relations order create European counterweight between American Soviet spheres of influence However he opposed any development of supranational Europe favouring Europe of sovereign nations wake of series of worldwide protests of 1968 revolt of May 1968 had enormous social impact France considered be watershed moment when conservative moral ideal (religion patriotism respect authority) shifted towards more liberal moral ideal (secularism individualism sexual revolution) Although revolt was political failure (as Gaullist party emerged even stronger than before) announced split between French people de Gaulle who resigned shortly afterIn post-Gaullist era France remained one of most developed economies world but faced several economic crises that resulted high unemployment rates increasing public debt late 20th early 21st centuries France has been forefront of development of supranational European Union notably signing Maastricht Treaty (which created European Union) 1992 establishing Eurozone 1999 signing Lisbon Treaty 2007 France has also gradually but fully reintegrated into NATO has since participated most NATO sponsored warsPlace de la République statue column with large French flag. Polytech Lyon located Villeurbanne Swordfish olive oil with ratatouille saffron rice, Provence- IAE (Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Lyon). Animated map of growth decline of French colonial empireFrance had colonial possessions various forms since beginning of 17th century but 19th 20th centuries its global overseas colonial empire extended greatly became second largest world behind British Empire Including metropolitan France total area of land under French sovereignty almost reached 13 million square kilometres 1920s 1930s 8.6% of world's land Known Belle Époque turn of century was period characterised optimism regional peace economic prosperity technological scientific cultural innovations 1905 state secularism was officially establishedThe French conquest of Morocco was one of longest toughest annals of European colonialism French historian Daniel Rivet puts casualty rate among Moroccans who resisted French occupation 100,000Contemporary period (1914–present), See also List of French monarchs France Middle Ages The Château de Chenonceau nowadays part of UNESCO World Heritage Site was built early 16th centuryThe French Renaissance saw spectacular cultural development first standardisation of French language which would become official language of France language of Europe's aristocracy also saw long set of wars known Italian Wars between France Spain Holy Roman Empire Refusing accept Spanish-Portuguese claims of supremacy New World King Francis I ordered his privateers sail against his Spanish rival King Charles V who ruled Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 until 1556 Emperor's realm extended from Spain parts of what now Italy Austria Germany Belgium Netherlands French explorers such Jacques Cartier or Samuel de Champlain claimed lands Americas France paving way expansion of First French colonial empire rise of Protestantism Europe led France civil war known French Wars of Religion where most notorious incident thousands of Huguenots were murdered St Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572Wars of Religion were ended Henry IV's Edict of Nantes which granted some freedom of religion HuguenotsUnder Louis XIII energetic Cardinal Richelieu promoted centralisation of state reinforced royal power disarming domestic power holders 1620s He systematically destroyed castles of defiant lords denounced use of private violence (dueling carrying weapons maintaining private army) end of 1620s Richelieu established the royal monopoly of force doctrine France Spain fought 24-year war (the Franco-Spanish War) until signing of Treaty of Pyrenees 1659 war cost France 300,000 casualties During Louis XIV's minority regency of Queen Anne Cardinal Mazarin period of trouble known Fronde occurred France This rebellion was driven great feudal lords sovereign courts reaction rise of royal absolute power FranceLouis XIV of France standing plate armor blue sash facing left holding baton.